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Turning Waste Into Fuel Permaculture Methods!
Emerging Explorer Sanga Moses tackles social problems and deforestation with cooking briquettes.
See Video here>>>
Video: Sanga Moses made special kilns to turn farm waste into cleaner-burning charcoal.
Editor’s note: Sanga Moses is one of National Geographic’s 2014 Emerging Explorers, a designation that honors tomorrow’s visionaries—those making discoveries, making a difference, and inspiring people to care about the planet.
Sanga Moses grew up barefoot in a small Ugandan village of thatched roof dwellings that lacked electricity. Yet he became his clan’s first college graduate and took a bank job in Kampala.
Returning home for a visit from the Ugandan capital in 2009, he met his 12-year-old sister on the road. “She stood there crying, with a heavy bundle of wood on her head,” Moses remembers. “She was upset because, like most rural girls, she missed days of school each week searching for fuel wood.”
“My sister … was losing the only opportunity she had to make her life better—education.”
It wasn’t the only change Moses noticed in his hometown. “When I was young, our home was surrounded by national forests,” he says. “Now all those trees are gone, and children must walk longer and longer distances to gather wood.”
Searching for a solution to problems born of burning wood, Moses quit his job and began learning everything he could about renewable resources. Eventually he came across the increasingly popular practice of turning organic waste into fuel.
“I looked out my window and saw a huge pile of sugar cane debris,” he says. “Uganda is primarily agricultural, but farm waste is just abandoned.”
So Moses began working with engineering students to design kilns and briquetting machines.
Sanga Moses is working to provide inexpensive energy to Africans while warding off deforestation.
PHOTOGRAPH BY KAT KEENE HOGUE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE
Four years later, 2,500 farmers use his kilns to turn farm waste—coffee husks and waste from sugar cane and rice—into charcoal. A company that Moses founded, called Eco-Fuel Africa, buys the char and turns it into briquettes for cooking that burn cleaner and cost less than wood.
The company takes those briquettes to market, providing fuel for more than 19,000 Ugandan families. (Read a Q&A with Sanga Moses.)
“Burning fuel wood not only destroys Uganda’s trees,” Moses says, but it also affects “the health and educational opportunities of our poorest people.
“We’re giving them an alternative.”
Wood Burning Takes a Toll
The problems that wood burning created for Moses’s family and in his hometown can be seen across sub-Saharan Africa. Eight in ten people in the region depend on wood to cook and to heat their homes. As more forests are destroyed to feed that demand—in Uganda, 70 percent of protected forests are gone—families must walk more miles every day to buy increasingly scarce and costly wood.
Families in the developing world spend up to 40 percent of their income on cooking fuel. Besides leaving children with less time for education, it means that poor farmers are less able to afford fertilizer, causing harvests to suffer and malnutrition to rise.
And wood burning takes a huge toll on human health, creating smoky indoor air that leads to respiratory diseases that kill more women and children each year than HIV/AIDS.
Moses’s cleaner-burning green charcoal reduces indoor air pollution and has already saved more than three million dollars in energy-related expenses for Ugandans. “Families use that money to pay school fees for their children, afford three meals a day, and finance new income-generating activities,” he says.
Indeed, farmers who work with Eco-Fuel Africa have tripled their incomes by selling char from kilns. The coarser, leftover char is used as fertilizer, which can increase harvests by more than 50 percent and create surplus crops to sell at market.
Eco-Fuel Africa has recently developed a briquette-making machine that can run without electricity.
PHOTOGRAPH BY KAT KEENE HOGUE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE
Moses’s group also battles deforestation, investing profits into planting 12,000 new trees and partnering with local schools to make reforestation part of environmental education.
“Today young people who graduate from college come to us and say, ‘I don’t care how much you pay me; I want to join you because I believe so strongly in what you do,’ ” Moses says.
Eco-Fuel Africa also looks for employees among Uganda’s widows and single mothers, who often struggle after husbands die of HIV/AIDS.
“They value the opportunity to become machine operators and retailers,” Moses says, “bringing unbelievable commitment, dedication, and hard work to our project.”
“Many times when I visit villages,” he continues, “a woman will grab my hand and say, ‘Six months ago I could barely feed my family. Now I’ve been able to enroll my daughter in school and buy a solar panel and mobile phone.’ “
Eco-Fuel Africa has received interest from Rwanda, Kenya, and Zambia, but Moses wants to “get our business model right and then expand to new countries.”
Funding from National Geographic recently helped the organization develop a briquette-making machine that can run without electricity, so it’s workable in remote rural areas.
“Now we can micro-franchise in villages far off the power grid,” Moses says. “We identify entrepreneurs, supply training and support, and provide technology on a credit basis so they can start sustainable businesses, create jobs, and meet local energy needs.”
All while improving Ugandans’ health—and saving their forests.
Read Full>>>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141215-sanga-moses-uganda-energy-wood-burning-fuel/
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The Living Soil
The Living Soil
Outline
Soil Organisms Improve Garden Tilth
Rather than being an inert material, soil houses a dynamic living ecosystem. The 1-5% oforganic matter found in soils includes 0.2% of living organisms. Although most soil organisms are invisible to the naked eye, they help gardeners in multiple ways. One major benefit to gardeners is their ability to help improve soil tilth. Soil tilth is the suitability of a soil to support plant growth, especially as it relates to ease of tillage, fitness for a seedbed, impedance to seedling emergence and root penetration. Soil organisms also play a central role in making nutrients available to plants. The community of soil organisms is varied, versatile, and adaptable to changing conditions and food supplies.
Types of Soil Organisms
Soil contains an enormous number of living organisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes and arthropods. [Table 1]
Table 1.
Organisms typically found in one cup of undisturbed native soil
Protozoa
Fungi
Nematodes
Arthropods
20 million
100,000 meters
100,000
50,000
Soil organisms are naturally active during certain times of the year. Most are active when the soil is warm and moist, like during late spring and early summer. If the soil dries out during the summer months, soil organism activity naturally declines. During fall, if there is rain or snow that moistens the soil while it is still warm, soil organisms may resume partial activity. As the soil cools in the fall, many soil organisms go dormant. Gardeners should note that fertilizers that require processing by soil organisms will be more available to plants when the soil is warm and moist and less available when the soil is cool or dry.
Despite their small size, soil organism activities have a large influence on plant growth. Soil organisms can be grouped into three categories: 1) organisms that are beneficial to plants—directly or indirectly, 2) neutral organisms—those whose activities have no affect on plants, and 3) organisms that are harmful to plants. Harmful organisms are often described as pathogens, such as the soil fungi that cause wilt diseases, or plant pests, such as white grubs that feed on plant roots.
Directly Beneficial Soil Organisms
Some soil organisms have a close, mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with plants. Two examples include rhizobia and mycorrhizae.
Rhizobia are bacteria that form symbiotic associations with legumes such as beans and peas. The bacteria form nodules on the roots of the host plant in which they fix nitrogen gas from the air. Rhizobia supply the plant with nitrogen and in turn the plant supplies the bacteria with essential minerals and sugars. It may be helpful to add Rhizobia in the first planting of beans and peas in a soil area. Afterwards they will be present.
Mycorrhizae are specific fungi that form symbiotic associations with plant roots. Found in most soils, they are very host-specific (i.e., each plant species has specific species of mycorrhizae associated with it).
The Latin word mycor means fungus and rhiza means root. The terms “mycorrhiza” (singular) or “mycorrhizae” (plural) refer to the tissue that forms when fungi and roots develop a mutually beneficial relationship. Enlarging the surface-absorbing area of the roots by 100 to 1,000 times, mycorrhizae create filaments or threads that act like an extension of the root system. This makes the roots of the plant much more effective in the uptake of water and nutrients such as phosphorus and zinc. In exchange, the fungus receives essential sugars and compounds from the roots to fuel its own growth. Some species of mycorrhizae can be seen on roots, while most are invisible to the naked eye.
Mycorrhizae improve plant health. They enhance the plant’s ability to tolerate environmental stress (like drought and dry winter weather) and reduce transplant shock. Plants with mycorrhizae may need less fertilizer and may have fewer soil-borne diseases.
A by-product of mycorrhizal activity is the production of glomalin, a primary compound that improves soil tilth. In simple terms, glomalin glues the tiny clay particles together into larger aggregates, thereby increasing the amount of large pore space, which in turn creates an ideal environment for roots. For additional details, refer to the U.S. Department of Agriculture web site at www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm.
Mycorrhizal cocktails are sometimes incorporated in planting or post planting care of trees and landscape plants. However, in research studies, results are variable. Over time, additional research will help clarify what procedures result in improved plant health and vigor.
Indirectly Beneficial Soil Organisms
In addition to directly beneficial organisms such as rhizobia and mycorrhizae, there are a large number of soil organisms whose activities indirectly help plants. Soil organisms collectively decompose organic matter, resulting in two principal benefits.
First, as soil organisms decompose organic matter, they transform nutrients into mineral forms that plants can use; thus this process is called mineralization. Without soil microorganisms, insects, and worms feeding on organic matter, the nutrients in organic matter would remain bound in complex organic molecules that plants can’t utilize.
Second, as soil organisms break down organic matter, their activities help improve soil structure. Improved soil structure provides a better environment for roots, with less soil compaction and better water and air movement. Many gardeners know that organic matter improves soil, but it is important to note that its beneficial properties are only released after being processed by soil organisms.
Soils naturally contain these decomposers. Adding decomposers to the soil or compost pile is not necessary. Rather nurture them with food (organic matter) and good aeration and drainage (air and water).
Soil Organic Matter
Soil organic matter is composed of a wide variety of organic substances. Derived from plants, animals, and soil organisms, the soil organic matter “pool” can be divided into four categories. First are the living organisms and roots, making up less than 5% of the total pool. Second are the residues from dead plants, animals and soil organisms that have not yet begun to decompose (<10%). Third is the portion undergoing rapid decomposition (20-45%). Fourth is the stabilized organic matter (humus) remaining after further decomposition by soil microorganisms (50-80%). [Figure 1]
Figure 1. Make-Up of Soil Organic Matter
The stabilized organic matter, or humus, is the pool of soil organic matter that has the longest lasting benefits for gardeners. After rapid decomposition occurs, a mix of stable, complex organic compounds remains, which decomposes slowly over time (about 3% per year). Humus is a mix of tiny solid particles and soluble compounds that are too chemically complex to be used by most organisms. Humus contains a potpourri of sugars, gums, resins, proteins, fats, waxes, and lignin. This mixture plays an important role in improving the physical and chemical properties of soil.
Humus improves the physical and chemical attributes of soil in several ways, including the following:
- Humus improves soil structure by binding or “gluing” small mineral particles together into larger aggregates creating large soil pores for improved air and water infiltration and movement.
- Humus improves water retention and release to plants.
- Humus slowly releases nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur over time, which plants then use for growth and development.
- Because of its positive surface charge, humus improves soil fertility by retaining nutrients.
- Humus buffers the soil pH so it remains stable for plant roots.
- Humus can chelate or bind metals in soil, preventing metal toxicities.
As a point of clarification, garden stores sometime carry soil amendments labeled ashumus. In reality these are generally “compost” and do not meet the soil scientist definition of humus as given here.
Soil Inoculation
Gardeners can purchase products at garden centers that are intended to introduce soil organisms to an existing soil. Adding decomposing bacteria from a purchased product is generally not necessary, because decomposing soil organisms are already present in the soil. Even if their populations are low due to unfavorable conditions, as soon as organic matter and water become available their populations rapidly increase. Thus, soil biologists encourage gardeners to nurture existing communities rather than introducing external organisms through purchased products.
In addition, inoculating with rhizobia is generally not needed, unless a vegetable gardener is planting a leguminous crop for the first time. In this case, the gardener should purchase the appropriate inoculant (bacteria) for the leguminous vegetable being planted. Inoculation in future years is not needed, because rhizobia produce survival structures to over-winter.
Myccorhizal products are considered highly experimental at this time, and are thus not recommended by CSU Extension for general use.
Soil Food Web
Within the soil, organisms function within an ecological food web (the smaller becoming the food for the larger) cycling nutrients through the soil biomass. This soil food web is the basis of healthy, living soil. Significant soil organisms involved in the soil food web include: 1) bacteria, 2) fungi, 3) protozoa, 4) nematodes, 5) arthropods, and 6) earthworms.
- Bacteria – Bacteria are simple, single-celled microorganisms. Bacteria inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including soil. In fact, a teaspoon of productive soil can contain from 100 million to 1 billion bacteria. Soil-inhabiting bacteria can be grouped as decomposers, mutualists, pathogens, or chemoautotrophs. Bacteria that improve soil quality feed on soil organisms, decompose organic matter, help keep nutrients in the root zone, enhance soil structure, compete with disease-causing organisms, and filter and degrade pollutants in soil.
- Fungi – Fungi are a diverse group of multi-cellular organisms. The best known fungi are mushrooms, molds, and yeast, but there are many others that go unnoticed, particularly those living in soil. Fungi grow as long strands called hyphae (up to several yards long), pushing their way between soil particles, rocks and roots. Fungi can be grouped as decomposers, mutualists, or pathogens. Fungi that improve soil quality decompose complex carbon compounds, improve accumulation of organic matter, retain nutrients in soil, bind soil particles into aggregates, compete with plant pathogens, and decompose certain types of pollution.
- Protozoa – Protozoa are microscopic, single-celled microbes that primarily eat bacteria. The bacteria contain more nitrogen than the protozoa can utilize and some ammonium (NH4) is released to plants. Protozoa also prevent some pathogens from establishing on plants and function as a food source for nematodes in the soil food web.
- Nematodes – Nematodes are small, unsegmented round worms. Nematodes live in water films in the large pore spaces in soil. Most species are beneficial, feeding on bacteria, fungi, and other nematodes, but some cause harm by feeding on plant roots. Nematodes distribute bacteria and fungi through the soil as they move about. Predatory nematodes can consume root-feeding nematodes or prevent their access to roots.
- Arthropods – Soil arthropods are small animals such as insects, spiders, and mites. They range in size from microscopic to several inches in length. Most live near the soil surface or in the upper three inches. Arthropods improve soil quality by creating structure through burrowing, depositing fecal pellets, controlling disease-causing organisms, stimulating microbial activity, enhancing decomposition via shredding organic matter and mixing soil, and regulating healthy soil food web populations.
- Soil arthropods can be shredders (millipedes, sowbugs, etc.), predators (spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, centipedes, and predatory mites, ants and beetles),herbivores (symphylans, root-maggots, etc.), or fungal-feeders (springtails and turtle mites). Most soil-dwelling arthropods eat fungi, worms, or other arthropods.
- Earthworms – For information on earthworms, refer to the CMG GardenNotes #218,Earthworms
Ways to Encourage Beneficial Soil Organisms
Creating a favorable environment for soil organisms improves plant growth and reduces garden maintenance. Encouraging their efforts is central to building a healthy fertile soil supportive to optimum plant growth.
- Add organic matter to the soil. Soil organisms require a food source from soil amendments (compost, crop residues) and/or mulch.
- Use organic mulch. It stabilizes soil moisture and temperature, and adds organic matter. Mulches may help prevent soil compaction and protect soil oxygen levels needed by soil organism and roots.
NOTE: The term mulch refers to material placed on the soil surface. A mulch controls weeds, conserves water, moderates soil temperature and has a direct impact on soil microorganism activity. Soil amendment refers to materials mixed into the soil.
- Water effectively. Soil organisms require an environment that is damp (like a wrung out sponge) but not soggy, between 50–90°F. Soil organism activity may be reduced due to dry soil conditions that are common in the fall and winter. Avoid over-irrigation because water-logged soils will be harmful to beneficial soil organisms.
- Avoid unnecessary roto-tilling, as it will destroy the mycorrhizae and soil structure. Instead of tilling, mulch for weed control.
- Avoid unwarranted pesticide applications. Some fungicides, insecticides and herbicides are harmful to various types of soil organisms.
- Avoid plastic sheets under rock mulch. This practice discourages microorganism activity by reducing water and air movement and preventing the incorporation of organic matter.
- Read More>>>http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/gardennotes/212.html
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COFFEE – 3 Tricks to Make Yours Super-Healthy
COFFEE – 3 Tricks to Make Yours Super-Healthy
Mmm, coffee… almost everybody drinks it… some people have 3-4 cups per day or more.
But most people don’t think of it as a “health drink”. And it’s certainly NOT healthy the way most people make it with loads of added sugar or artificial sweeteners and artificial creamers.
But I’ll give you my tips here on how I make a healthier cup of coffee and what to watch out for…
First, you may have seen debate in the past about how coffee has some compounds in it that could have negative health effects such as small amounts of acrylamides or other possibly harmful compounds in brewed coffee. But, the good news is that coffee has such high concentrations of beneficial antioxidants, phenolic nutrients, chlorogenic acids, and other healthy compounds, that it more than counteracts any bad compounds.
In fact, coffee provides the biggest source of antioxidants for most Americans… although that mostly has to do with the fact that many Americans don’t get enough antioxidants from fruits and veggies, so coffee ends up being their biggest source. You should try to diversify your sources of antioxidants from fruits, veggies, spices, herbs, berries, beans, unsweetened organic cocoa, teas, and yes, even coffee if you like it.
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Read Full Article>>http://www.truthaboutabs.com/tricks-to-make-coffee-healthy.html
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